实施气候适应性规划设计策略发挥风景园林应对气候变化的积极作用

气候变化是人类面临的全球性问题，随着全球二氧化碳和其他温室气体排放量的增长，人类生存环境面临着前所未有的危机与挑战。在这一背景下，世界各国以全球协约的方式减排温室气体，中国由此提出“碳达峰，碳中和”目标。实现碳达峰、碳中和是中国站在构建人类命运共同体的高度，着眼推进国家现代化建设与可持续发展，以前瞻思维、宽广视野作出的重大战略决策。

蓝绿基础设施发挥着重要的气候和水文调节、生物多样性维持、健康和游憩服务等功能，是生态安全的重要屏障。通过气候适应性规划设计策略的实施，风景园林在气候变化的应对过程中可以发挥多种积极作用。

8月12日，2021风景园林国际学术论坛在线举行。本次国际学术会议以“碳达峰，碳中和——气候适应性设计下的风景园林”为主题，拟通过不同的风景园林规划设计途径与方法，积极推动“碳达峰，碳中和”目标的实现，营造舒适健康的人居环境，促进城乡环境可持续发展。

论坛开幕式上，中国风景园林学会副理事长、湖北省风景园林学会理事长高翅教授基于极端天气频发、全球变暖等气候问题，分析中国古代营城造境的生态智慧，阐述中国传统生态思想，并列举当下风景园林人应对气候变化的实践优秀案例，号召风景园林人以全球视野、本土行动，促进永续发展。

随后，来自7个国家的10位专家学者共聚云端，为千余名在线观众带来丰富精彩的主题学术报告：美国马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校的Jack Ahern教授提出，风景园林规划设计在构建多功能走廊、绿道网络系统、以水为中心的设计方法、生物多样保护设计、城市海绵管理等方面有助于提升城市韧性、应对气候变化；美国伊利诺斯理工学院的Ron Henderson教授分析自动驾驶汽车对城市设计的影响，从城市空间设计、导航系统以及政策方面探究提升城市乔木覆盖率，进而提升碳捕获的途径；美国康奈尔大学的Jamie Vanucchi教授介绍了一系列设计和研究实验，证明风景园林途径能有效提高受灾土地从大气中去除碳及碳储存的能力；华中农业大学吴昌广副教授从三方面论述了中国传统人居环境营建的“气候逻辑性”，并就中国气候适应性营建智慧的传承与创新进行了阐释；印度风景园林师协会主席Sridevi Rao博士基于两个案例说明风景园林中设计中碳足迹和碳排放效果，并提出应对策略；澳大利亚风景园林师协会主席Claire Martin介绍了澳大利亚风景园林师协会制定的气候行动计划，阐述气候适应性设计下风景园林师职责；波兰华沙生命科学大学Arkadiusz Przybysz教授从绿地布局、植物类型、天气、时间、季节等角度分析不同情境下植物对PM颗粒物的吸附和阻挡情况；挪威生物经济研究院Særheim研究院的Sæbø Arne教授通过举例论证基于自然的解决方案（NBS）在城市可持续性发展中发挥了良好作用；来自英国肯特大学的MarialenaNikolopoulou教授分享热舒适如何影响城市开放空间的使用与活动，并探讨如何将这些影响机制运用到风景园林设计中；华中农业大学张婧雅博士以神农架国家公园为例，基于MARXAN模型构建自然保护区网络，划定优先保护区，为保护管理机构提供实施方案。华中农业大学园艺林学学院副院长张斌教授在论坛闭幕式上表示，面对全球性极端气候频发等问题，风景园林人需要秉持“人与天调”之精神，更深刻地学习和理解自然，在生态文明建设语境下，尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，推动和建设人与自然的生命共同体。

国际学术论坛在线举行 屏幕截图

本次论坛由华中农业大学、国际风景园林学会亚太气候工作组、湖北省风景园林学会主办，华中农业大学园艺林学学院承办，会议受到《中国园林》《华中农业大学学报（社科版）》和《湖北风景园林》杂志社支持。

  国际学术报告主题及摘要（Topics and abstracts of international academic reports）

1、      以全球视野促进生态文明建设永续发展

中国风景园林学会副理事长、湖北省风景园林学会会长、华中农业大学党委书记 高翅

最近几周，破纪录的热浪、毁灭性的洪水和干旱袭击了世界。我们知道，有一个神奇的北纬30度线，它贯穿了四大文明古国。而我发现最近的这一次极端的天气灾害更像是一个“北纬40度魔咒”——在北纬40度上，世界上特大城市特别密集，人口数量多，经济发达程度高，而它们在气侯变化下是一种什么样的状况？带来了很多极端的灾害和灾难，其实这是地球给我们的一个警示。

8月9日，联合国领导的政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布了一份具有里程碑意义的气候变化报告，这份报告指出，全球所有地区的气候变化都在加剧，除非未来几十年内大幅减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体排放，否则全球变暖的幅度将会在21世纪超过1.5摄氏度和2摄氏度。对于极端气候，过去我们说百年一遇，现在却是基本上每年都可以一遇。目前，全球城市面积仅占地球陆地的3%，但消耗了60%到80%的能源，并产生了75%的碳排放。

中国古代哲学是中华文化的核心，中国古代哲学的生态智慧又是中国哲学的精华。关于宇宙和人生，我们有很多深刻的、睿智的认识与理解。《周易》里讲“生生之谓易”“天地之大德曰生”，实际上都是一种生态；我们讲“天人合一”，其基本内涵就是人与自然的和谐；也讲人法地、地法天、天法道、道法自然等等，都表述了深刻的生存本质，它们以“生”为基础，以“生”为标准，而“和”是它的精髓，也就是“人与自然和谐”是目标。这是中华文化的智慧宝库，是生态大智慧。

《管子》中说“凡立国都，非于大山之下，必于广川之上”，这是有具体案例的，齐都临淄城的规划，就是这种规划思想的具体体现。此外，公元前2500年左右，在《商君书》当中，商鞅已经认识到城市不能孤立存在，必须和周围的区域统一规划。当时，商鞅在城乡布局时已经考虑到能源、材料等因素，有了一定的用地比例和相对的定额的概念。这样的营城有很多，都是与《管子》规划思想相契合的。比如说，山环水抱、依山傍水才能使城市得到良好的生态环境、健康发展，历史文化名城南京、◆国际学术报告主题及摘要◆（Topics and abstracts of international academic reports）以全球视野促进生态文明建设永续发展Planning and Design Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience中国风景园林学会副理事长、湖北省风景园林学会会长、华中农业大学党委书记 高翅桂林、福州、广州、肇庆，包括成都、潮州、西安、洛阳、兰州都是这方面很好的例子。范围缩小一点，在长江以北一带，无论是造园林还是堆山叠石，主山和主峰通常都立于西北角，为什么？就是为了营造良好的小气候条件，这就是我们的生态智慧的具体实践。

苏州是2500年前伍子胥选的址，至今没有变，伍子胥选定姑苏城就用八个字——“相土尝水，象天法地””，这是我们的哲学道路实践。这些年，面对新时代、新发展，中国的风景园林人也做了大量的工作。让我们以全球视野、本土行动促进永续发展。风景园林创造持续美好生活。

2、Planning and Design Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

Jack Ahern

Professor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Adaptation to climate change has become a fundamental challenge to achieving resilience for cities and regions.  Landscape planning and design initiatives and interventions hold a great potential to support adaptation to climate change.

At the metro or regional  scale, networks of multi-functional corridors/greenways can restore connectivity to support flows and movement of water, species habitat, and airflow.  Such green, blue-green and blue networks aid cities and regions in adapting to new climatic extremes including species migration, flooding, extreme heat and frequent, and managing flood risks from intense precipitation.  At the project, or site scale, strategies for climate adaptation include: a water-centric design approach; protecting biodiversity: and new approaches to managing spontaneous urban vegetation. By acting at the metro-regional scale as well as the project scale, planners and designers can help to build resilience capacity.

3、Strategies for Increasing Carbon Capture in the Urban Forest: The Driverless City Project

Ron Henderson

Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology

The Driverless City Project investigates the urban design implications of autonomous vehicles, including scenarios which would transfer space in the public realm from vehicles to ecological services such as tree planting. This presentation draws on the research of landscape architects, roboticists, and navigational engineers to interrogate spatial design, navigational, and policy strategies to increase the urban tree canopy -- and hence, carbon sequestration -- that might emerge during the transition to electric propulsion and autonomous navigation of vehicles.

4、Experiments in Designing Landscapes for Carbon Removal Symposium: Carbon peak and carbon neutrality, climate positive design in landscape architecture

Jamie Vanucchi

Assistant Professor, Cornell University

Landscape architecture and design research are proven to be effective and important tools for climate adaptation. Adaptive mitigation is defined by Brian Stone as “climate management activities designed to decrease global greenhouse effect while producing regional climate related benefits in the form of heat management, flood management, enhanced agricultural resilience, and other adaptive benefits’. This paper presents a series of experiments in adaptive mitigation to increase the capacity of troubled lands (idle or abandoned farmlands and flood risk zones) to remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in aboveground biomass and belowground in soils. The projects presented include studio work and research, and collectively test the capacity of landscape to mitigate climate change while providing multiple co-benefits. Long-term management strategies are a necessary part of this design work, and necessitate a shift toward thinking about landscapes as artifacts of human values, long-term involvement, and decision making. Questions of permanence related to carbon storage and inclusion in carbon marketplaces will be discussed.

5、Elements of the Carbon Footprint in Landscape Architecture

Sridevi Rao

Hon. President, Indian Society of Landscape Architects (ISOLA)

That there is an environmental cost to design is well documented. Primarily, the impact is obscured within the blanket of extraordinary profit, and segments of the supply chain that adds up to the impact at the site itself are not so well documented. That is, if planting, land-works, water-works and industrially produced material use is collated with breakdown of the steps involved in each of these aspects, the burden of achieving 2030 goals would perhaps be mitigated. Framing the problem and questioning established supply chains could perhaps answer this. It is well known that action works well when goals are broken down into objectives. The attempt here is to examine the feasibility of this methodology in improving supply chains with efficient and sustainable pathways. Two well-known case studies from India and two different scales are selected for this analysis. One is at City scale and the other is a public open space. Since both are from different cities in the northern and southern part of India, reference to the geography in all aspects would add to the perspective. This would give a platform for justifying design decisions and their analyses. Each case study is broken down into parameters and then the elements that fulfill the achievement of those parameters are examined. The results as inferences are presented for qualitative aspects and not as quantitative numbers. The advantage is that qualitative inferences are amenable to changes based on parameters and geography whereas quantitative numbers are specific to a site and design. The disadvantage, therefore, is that application of findings are limited to comparable areas, geography, user identity, typologies and not open to forming policy or guidelines in a larger variable context. It is evident from impact on the ground of every nation’s climate change mitigation commitments that legal and financial mechanisms alone do not ensure good practices that add up to ensure 2030 goals. It is in this context that the case studies are used to demonstrate possibilities with alternative pathways to sustainable design.

6、The Argument for Climate + Biodiversity Positive Design

Claire Martin

National President, Fellow,

 Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA)

The United Nations states that health is both an outcome and a precondition of sustainable development, yet many of the health challenges facing Asia-Pacific cities, are anthropogenic,including increased pollution, rising temperatures, reductions in access to open space, the loss of biodiversity, diminishing water and air quality, extreme weather-related disasters, and global pandemics.

Landscape architects are uniquely placed, bringing expertise in Nature-based Solutions, to galvanise and lead a built environment health response to support local governments to accelerate their nationally determined climate contributions, through sustained private and public sectors investment,in transformative landscape projects that will achieve the scale of urban renewal, restoration and regeneration required.

90% of Australians and 30% of Australia's listed threatened species live and occur in our cities.Through design thinking, we can create healthier and more resilient cities through climate and biodiversity positive design projects, standards, tools, and legislation, by Dramatically reducing operational and embodied carbon emissions by using a greenhouse gas footprint calculator.Seeking to reduce up front embodied emissions to help drive the availability of lower carbon building materials; working towards pathways for low carbon construction materials; and looking at common language for low carbon products and how to specify these in projects.By working with Standards Australia, to develop a Handbook that supports the design,implementation, valuation, and maintenance of urban green infrastructure.By advocating for a consistent approach to valuing urban green infrastructure as an asset class, to support investment decisions and to strengthen economic appraisals.

7、 Urban Greenery: on the Frontline Between PM Pollution and Urban Residents

Arkadiusz Przybysz

Assistant Professor, Warsaw University of Life Sciences

Air pollution in urban areas represents great threat to human health. One of the most dangerous inhaled pollutants is particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of liquid and solid particles, organic and inorganic, with an aerodynamic diameter in the range of 0.001-100 μm （micron）. PM contain toxic compounds, including trace elements (TE) and organic pollutants. On a local scale, PM is mostly caused by human activities e.g. road traffic, construction work, industrial activities and domestic heating. If PM has been released into the atmosphere, the only possible way to remove it from the air is via vegetation. Urban vegetation can be used as a biological filter, with foliage passively accumulating PM.

The vast majority of published studies refer to organised vegetation, comprising species representing high decorative value and requiring high growing conditions, such as trees and shrubs in parks. These species are not found in the most polluted areas because they are too expensive, require regular maintenance, and environmental conditions in these locations are too harsh for them. Important PM and TE sources in urban areas are often located some distance away from city centres and consequently away from organised urban greenery, thus people who live close to these locations are often exposed to PM concentrations that exceed those recorded in city centres. Therefore, urban vegetation in most polluted areas (e.g. urban wastelands) is on the frontline between air pollution and urban residents. In wasteland areas where there are multiple sources of PM that differ in PM emission intensity, frequency and duration, the plants’ effectiveness at air purification depends primarily on: (i) the distance and location of the plants in relation to the emission source, (ii) the vegetation structure, which should be layered (comprising tall plants and low herbaceous perennial plants), and (iii) species composition, while PM retention (low for tall plants, high for low plants) is the most important individual characteristic when evaluating species.

The concentration of PM and TE in ambient air is especially high during winter periods, when PM emission is increased by greater car traffic and the necessity of domestic heating. Unfortunately, in the temperate climate most of these plants shed leaves for winter. Therefore, in countries where high concentrations of PM are emitted in winter, evergreen species could be a more suitable choice for urban plantings. Among the evergreens, coniferous plants are good choice for air purification due to the abundant wax layer on the needles, smaller leaves and more complex shoot structures. However, these species usually keep needles for more than one year and thus they die because of too ‘heavy loads’ of contaminants. Therefore, conifers from generas tolerant to pollutants should be selected or more sensitive species should be planted at an adequate distance from the emission source. Another solution may be the use of evergreen broad-leaved plants or plants which keep last year foliage through the winter period.

Fuel exhaust and non-exhaust road/vehicle emissions are one of the principal anthropogenic sources of PM in urbanised areas. In many parts of cities, particularly close to streets, trees cannot be planted for safety reasons or due to a lack of space. Urban meadows, especially high perennial meadows located close to busy roads, accumulate PM from the air more effectively than traditional lawns, therefore meadows should replace lawns where possible. The amount of PM accumulated by urban meadows depends less on the biodiversity, species composition and morphological features of individual herbaceous plants making up the meadow and more on the biomass produced and structure of the meadow canopy, which must be a compromise between density and permeability.

The dynamics of PM deposition and subsequent cleaning of the leaves during the season are probably greatly affected by weather conditions, especially precipitation and to a lesser extent by wind. Rainfall remove a considerable proportion of deposited PM from the foliage. The process of PM accumulation by vegetation is very dynamic, and differences in the PM load on the foliage can be large, even after one day. The main fraction removed from leaf surfaces is the large PM fraction, while the smallest PM fraction is retained more permanently. Surprisingly, precipitation also affects PM retention in waxes, which until now was believed to be not affected by rain. The effect of rain on PM accumulated by plants depends on its intensity and duration, and quality (e.g. pH). PM wash off and re-suspension should be recognized as positive process, essential to recover the ability of plants to accumulate PM and to reduce phytotoxic effects of PM accumulated on leaf surfaces.

Different combinations and intensities of stresses occurring in cities (e.g. drought, salinity and air pollution) certainly affect the phytoremediation capacity of plants. Drought and salinity, applied at an intensity and duration typical for urban conditions, significantly reduced the accumulation of PM by P. sylvestris L. plants. Reduced PM accumulation (especially PM fraction 10-100 μm and PM deposited in waxes) resulted mainly from the adverse effects of salinity. It could be due to impact of car exhausts, drought and elevated salt concentration on the amount and quality of waxes on the needles. These new data, have practical consequences in the assessment and prediction of the accumulation of air pollution by urban plants. In light of the above, care to ensure proper growing conditions may be as important as choosing the best species and planting locations.

The negative impact of urban stress on the photosynthetic apparatus is well described, but PM is not considered as a key factor reducing its efficiency. The amount of accumulated PM is negatively correlated with the rate of photosynthesis and Fv/Fm, and positively correlated with stomatal resistance. This may indicate that, together with other urban conditions, PM negatively affects the photosynthetic process for most plant species, which can reduce their productivity and functionality.

Edible crops grown in a polluted environment can be contaminated with PM, which can have a serious impact on food safety. Fruits (e.g. apples and plums) harvested from orchards located close to roads with different traffic intensities accumulate PM. The amount of PM deposited on fruits is comparable to or higher than that on the foliage of trees and shrubs growing in polluted city centres. PM accumulation by fruits depends primarily on: (i) the plant species and most probably the varieties (fruit morphology, especially the amount of wax), (ii) harvest period (late harvest is associated with the negative impact of domestic heating), (iii) maintenance work in the orchard (early pruning of trees will expose fruits to PM), (iv) adverse events during fruit development taking place in the orchard and its immediate surroundings (construction works and fires), and (v) cultivation method (ecological preparations can increase the viscosity of the fruit). The impact of roads seems less significant, nevertheless PM from transport, despite being accumulated in smaller amounts, may be more toxic. Washing with water removes about 50% of the PM accumulated by the fruit.

The aim of this presentation is to demonstrate the accumulation of PM and TE by (i) common species of urban wastelands, (ii) urban shrubs and trees in winter time, (iii) urban meadows and (iv) edible fruits. The importance of precipitation in removing deposited PM from foliage, impact of urban conditions on PM accumulation on plants and effect of PM on plants gas exchange will be also presented.

8、Nature Based Solutions Will Contribute to Decrease Emissions and to Increase Livability of the Future Sustainable Cities

Sæbø Arne

Leader of Norvegian Institute of Bioeconomy (NIBIO), 

Særheim Research Station, Research Professor

More than 50% of the world population lives in urbanized areas today, and the prediction for 2050 is that urban areas must give space to 2 billion persons more than today, a development that is especially relevant for the south-eastern hemisphere. That means that cities on Tellus, every month until 2050, must give space to 5.5 million new persons if the predicted increase in the urban population takes place. This process will demand the use of valuable areas, often areas of high quality for food production and for biodiversity of vital importance for humans. Another challenge will be to give high quality environments to the urban population. Greenhouse gases (GHG) and airborne pollutants drive climate change and pose severe risks to human health. Cities account for over 70% of global fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. And 80% of urban areas have air pollution levels exceeding the World Health Organization recommendations.

IUCN (2016) defined nature-based solutions (NBS) as “actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”. We need multiple tools, to develop cities of the future into sustainable units, where the circular economy and NBS support biodiversity, sustainable resource production and reuse. Waist will hardly exist in the future since all biomass and resources are channeled into the circular bioeconomy. However, it will be very important to document the ecosystem services from NBS, and also to put up realistic aims and expectations to their contributions in short and long terms. However, NBS are expected to be one of the key elements to yield high-quality and sustainable urban societies, contributing with multiple ecosystem services (ES), like for example carbon sequestration, better water and air quality, storm water treatment, food production and health promoting environments for the city dwellers. Some examples will be mentioned. To obtain the goals for the future sustainable and livable cities, the policy makers, planners, and those managing and maintaining green elements and hybrid solutions need to communicate and interact closely with each other. All stake holders must be involved to create the sustainable and healthy cities, which need to be maintained with efforts from all parts. In this presentation, examples of NBS and suggestions to premises for the development of sustainable cities will be given in this context.

9、Outdoor Comfort as a Commodity: Enhancing our Adaptive Capacity and Thermal Resilience in the Urban Environment

Marialena Nikolopoulou

Professor, Kent University

The last year highlighted the need for inclusive, high quality, open space, as essential to support liveability and resilience.  The talk will focus on understanding how the abstract concept of thermal comfort, an inherent characteristic of space, is affecting use and activities in open urban spaces. It will explore the mechanisms through which our adaptive capacity is enhanced, from conscious actions to a range of parameters in the contextual framework of psychological adaptation, temporality and cultural norms, proceeding to discuss how these can be employed in design. Ultimately, it will highlight the need for adaptive capacity and thermal resilience at the individual level, as well as spatial scale, supporting environmental diversity.  In a warming climate and at the wake of a global health pandemic, outdoor comfort becomes an important commodity, where the design of open spaces has the potential to play a critical role not only for climate regulation and energy, but also for health, livability and social cohesion.

10、气侯适应性与中国传统人居环境营建智慧

华中农业大学风景园林系副系主任、副教授 吴昌广

吴昌广副教授的主要研究方向是城市绿色空间气侯适应规划与国土生态空间保护规划。当天，他以《中国传统人居环境的气侯适应性营建智慧解析》为题做了分享。他认为，中国的气侯与历史有相互依傍的关系，中国传统的人居聚落有很多气侯适应性智慧，通过古代的气侯适应性经验研究，对历史进行一些回顾与总结，对当下有更深刻的思考与反思，可以让城市化建设避免一些暗礁，少走一些弯路。

中国传统城市聚落形态的“气侯逻辑性”

远古时期，人类就有一些趋利避害的气侯适应性要素。首先说一下风水。“负阴抱阳，背山面水”已经成为几千年来传统人居聚落生态的脉络，中国古代城市聚落应对气侯大量体现在风水选址、总体布局、环境设计、建筑取材中。理想风水模式下的古代城市聚落选址和布局是什么样？《商君书》里写了“山水大聚会之所必结为都会，山水中聚会之所必结为市镇，山水小聚会之所必结为村落。”所以说中国古人以风水作为标准和方法，通过对自然环境的解读作为城市引进的依据，寻找了城市与环境融合的结合点。

从古代“风水学说”的本质来说，主要是“天人合一”的人居营建法则与人类生存智慧。通过对地势、水文、日照、风向等自然环境的综合分析，作为指导城镇、村落、住宅布局的依据和准绳。风水是中国古代城市聚落营建所遵循的一套既定模式。

从传统聚落的风水模式中，隐藏着一定的气候适应性建构逻辑。从气侯适应性来看，蕴含着“理气”、“蕴能”营建智慧；从日照的适应性来讲，就是传统风水讲的坐北朝南（负阴抱阳），主要是为了接纳阳光、获取热量；从风的适应性来讲，山环水抱（即所谓的藏风聚气），就是对风的控制与小气流利用，也就是说分辨风的类型、方向及其影响，兴利除弊，来营建聚落良好的风环境；再是小气候调节策略，就是面水而居，通过“水陆风”的营造（水和陆地之间会产生水陆风），达到降温调湿的目的。

《管子》中囊括了城市聚落选址、堤防、沟渠、排水系统的建设、管理和监督等内容，体现了古代城市聚落的水适应营建智慧。首先，归纳起来就是取水之利、避水之害的位置选择，这对当下打造海绵城市、预防洪涝灾害，都有一定的借鉴意义；第二是水源丰沛、引蓄得宜的河渠疏导。《管子·度地》中说到：“故圣人之处国者，必于不倾之地，而择地形之肥绕者。乡山，左右经水若泽，内为落渠之泄，因大川而注焉”；第三是因天材就地利，构筑“防、导、蓄、管”一体的防洪排涝体系。中国古城“城壕环绕，河渠穿城，湖池散布”的水系布局模式是古城避免洪涝灾害的重要基础设施。

基于地域气侯特征的中国传统聚落营建

从古城空间布局与街巷肌理方面研究发现，通常情况下说，中国古代城市在空间格局上通过正南北方向进行一定方位的偏移，来适应区域气侯，通过方位偏移形成通风廊道，以利于夏季散热降温。包括苏州古城、保定古城，都是根据夏季盛行风方向进行一些方位的偏移；其次是道路结构，比如阆中古城东西向道路多畅通无阻，而南北向的道路多不通畅，呈井字或丁字相交，主要是为了抵御冬季寒风，引导夏季通风；再就是南北城门错位布局，是为了削弱风压，避免冬季寒风直接贯穿。在很多北方城市可以看到两个城门之间不是相一致与对称的，以避免冬季行风形成狭管效应。而高墙窄巷、南北布局，则是南方传统村落“巷—廊—院—厅”冷巷院落空间系统的主要特点，以达到遮阳降温的目的，利于通风，应对夏季炎热气侯。

从地域性传统民居建筑空间方面来看，多元地域气侯特征造就了中国传统聚落民居建筑的基因库。对传统民居进行分析，可以对围合庭院模式做出一些梳理，最终看到气侯适应性上的一些特征，得到民居从根本上是给人类提供遮风避雨的场所的概念。

传统人居环境气侯适应性的传承与创新

农耕文明时期，古代营城效仿、尊重宇宙与自然运行规律，蕴含着“天人合一”、“道法自然”的生存智慧与价值取向。归纳起来看，就是从宏观“山水格局”到微观“依势筑城”的因地制宜性，从“逐水而居”到“理水塑城”的因水制宜性，从“被动避害”到“主动趋利”的小气候调节。所以，中国古代人居环境是讲“天时、地利、人和”，“天时”就是风、光、热、水，“地利”就是城市、建筑与园林，人和主要是从安全、舒适、健康这三个因素来进行考虑。

工业文明时期，科技强盛似乎无所不能，觉得我们能粗暴地改变自然，也不再去顺应所谓的地形、地貌、气侯特征，因为我们热的时候可以有空调，可以填海，可以构筑各种各样的大坝，可以对很多山体进行破坏，我们打乱了理性平衡，最终导致城市特征丧失，造成了热岛效应、空气污染、城市积涝等一系列问题。

那么，解决当前城市气候与人居环境问题的主要途径有哪些呢？吴昌广副教授认为，既要依靠科技的进步，又要依靠人性的回归。天人合一、道法自然、以辅万物之自然而不敢为等生态伦理道理观念重构是先决与必要条件。要想人居环境更加健康和生态的回归，每一个人都要关注自己的生活方式与行为，减少碳排放，才能为碳中和做出贡献，否则借助再多的技术力量也于事无补。

从迈向整个生态文明时期来看，应该适当调适科技理性与价值理性间的张力，探求二者之间的原初关系，更加理顺其生发理路的内在逻辑。脱离科技理性支撑的价值理性犹如空中楼阁，缺少价值理性引领的科技理性犹如“没有罗盘的舵手”。因此，我们应该秉持科技理性与价值理性相合一的理念，坚守科学人文精神，推动物质世界的创造与精神家园的构建。这也是当前国家所提倡的生态文明建设内容，尤其是习总书记提出的人与自然生命共同体的理念。

我们在探索气侯适应性技术过程中，应该重新审视中国人居发展过程中的历史事实和当代中国人居发展的特点与主要矛盾，挖掘传统人居气侯适应性营建的生态智慧，为未来中国乃至全球人居的发展模式提供中国智慧。